Brazil’s COP30 presidency presented two international Roadmaps to speed the shift away from fossil fuels and reverse deforestation and forest degradation by 2030.

The documents address the two largest drivers of climate change — energy, at 75% of emissions, and forest loss, at 11% — but are voluntary and non-prescriptive, with no obligations, national targets or accountability mechanisms, according to TNC Brasil. Annual forest finance needs to jump from $84.5 billion in 2023 to more than $300 billion in 2030.